SAT阅读十大题型总结，史上最全：5推断题和6排除题
现行SAT从题目数量来说，一般而言三个Section，67道题。从考试时间上说，两个section各25分钟，一个Section是20分钟，总共70分钟时间。从题型上来说，分为两种。句子型填空题（5~8个/Section），每道题应该在不超过30秒内做完。文章型阅读题大致上4个短篇阅读（每篇2道题），3个长篇阅读（每篇10个左右题目），一篇对比型阅读（10多个题目）。而它所要求的平均阅读速度是200字/分钟，每道题45秒左右答题时间（包括阅读文章的时间）。
新SAT从题目数量来说，一般而言三个Section，52道题目，共65分钟。从题型上讲，因为少了19道填空题（词汇题），因此实际上对阅读能力和速度的要求没有太多变化。要求的平均阅读速度是200字/分钟，每道题45秒左右答题时间（包括阅读文章的时间）。另外，新SAT强调文章的整体阅读，即对全文主旨的把握，因此难度略微增加。再次，新SAT加入了美国精神和价值观的考察，如果学生能够了解这些文章的相关背景，考试会有事半功倍的效果。最后，新SAT阅读增加了读图题，这种题型为细节题，通过局部信息来做答案，类似于托福阅读，较为简单。
这些题目，从题目的类型来看，可以细分为：主旨题、词汇题、推断题、举例说明题、态度题、排除题、类比题、假设题、双文章关联题、修辞手法题、图表题等。从做题方法来看，可以分成四大类：
1.细节信息题，即通过局部细节信息来直接找到相应答案。
2.词汇题，即找出原文中某词汇的在原文中含义的同义词。
3.主旨题，即需要把握全文主旨后才能准确作答的题目。
4.修辞手法题，即要了解作者的写作方法和写作习惯等。
但是，需要注意的是，SAT阅读文章的题型分类，从题干中的标志词来讲，并没有像托福阅读文章的分类那么准确。做题的方法，需要整体把握和理解。千万不能拘泥于题型上，比方说，出现suggest就认为是细节题或推断题，它还有可能考主旨，也有可能考修辞手法；学习题型分类，主要是为了了解出题思路。自己在做题的时候，不要拘泥于形式，要是整体把握，先学“剑招”，最后忘掉招式，就能自如应对每一道题目，最后“称霸江湖”。
另外，还与托福不同的是，SAT的阅读题目是选择最佳答案。托福的选项对错十分明显，SAT则不同。有时候会出现五个选项都不太切题，这种情况应该选择最合适的为答案；有时候会出现两三个选项都能说通，这种情况应该选择最符合提干问法或者最恰当的为答案。
（五）推断题
题眼：imply、infer、most likely、probably true、assumption
推断题的考法是需要根据文章信息和逻辑，推理出一种可能的情况，所推理出的内容（选项内容）在文章中并没有明述。
1. S：The belief that it is harmful to the Black Community for authors to explore the humanity of our leaders can have having effects. At the least, it promotes the belief that our heroes have to be perfect to be useful. At worst, it censors our full investigation of Black life.
Q：the passage implies that Black leaders have sometimes been portrayed as being
（A）overly sentimental
（B）deeply complex
（C）above reproach
（D）without regret
（E）beyond understanding
Explain：从文章的提示行我们可以看出，有一种观点认为，我们的黑人领导人应该是“have to be perfect to be useful.”,也就是说，领导人要作到完美才能够是合格的领导人，从这个角度说来分析的话，黑人领导人有时候被描述成“above reproach”,无可指责、完美无缺的，C选项为正确答案。
2. S：He (Mulcahy) had guessed long ago that Hoar (President of Mulcahy’s School) meant to dismiss him, but he was amazed, really amazed (he repeated the word to himself) that the man should have given himself away by an action as overt as this one. As an intellectual, he felt stunned not so much by the
moral insensitiveness of the president’s move as by the transparency of it.
Q：the mention of the “transparency” (line 22) of President Hoar’s move implies that Mulcahy views the president’s decision as a
（A）vindictive and unwise action
（B）timid and hesitant rebuke
（C）necessary enforcement of Jocelyn’s stated politics
（D）step that was not motivated by any personal consideration
（E）choice that was painful and difficult to make
Explain：在这个句里，我们可以看出来，校长Hoar对Mulcahy的不喜欢由来已久，而且Mulcahy也知道校长不喜欢自己，但当校长这么公然把他解雇了的时候，他感到震惊，他觉得校长不应该这么“透明”的表达对一个人的不喜欢，更进一步说，Mulcahy认为校长的这种行为没经过一定的思考和讲究一定的方法，而且也太草率，从这个角度来说，Mulcahy会认为校长的这个决定是，“是一种蓄意的报复行为，太过草率。”答案为A。
3. S：The costs are astounding. In Los Angeles, congestion eats up more than 485 million working hours a year; that’s seventy hours, or nearly two weeks, of full-time work per commuter. In D.C., the time cost of congestion is sixty-two hours per worker per year. In New York it’s forty-four hours. Average it out, and the time cost across America’s thirteen biggest city-regions is fifty-one hours per worker per year. Across the country, commuting wastes 4.2 billion hours of work time annually—nearly a full workweek for every commuter. The overall cost to the U.S. economy is nearly $90 billion when lost productivity and wasted fuel are taken into account. At the Martin Prosperity Institute, we calculate that every minute shaved off America’s commuting time is worth $19.5 billion in value added to the economy. The numbers add up fast: five minutes is worth $97.7 billion; ten minutes, $195 billion; fifteen minutes, $292 billion.
Q：The passage most strongly suggests that researchers at the Martin Prosperity Institute share which assumption?
(A) Employees who work from home are more valuable to their employers than employees who commute.
(B) Employees whose commutes are shortened will use the time saved to do additional productive work for their employers.
(C) Employees can conduct business activities, such as composing memos or joining conference calls, while commuting.
(D) Employees who have lengthy commutes tend to make more money than employees who have shorter commutes.
Explain：本段说了交通拥挤导致的时间成本很大，人们在路上浪费的时间有很大的价值。本段列举了很多例子来量化说明这一观点，Martin Prosperity Institute就是其中一个例子。这个观点的逻辑前提是，人们路上浪费的时间，都会用来工作创造价值；相反，如果人们在路上的时间没有浪费，即人们把节省下来的时间用来休闲，那么无论是否拥堵，这部分时间都不会产生价值，因此也就不能说明此观点。如果用技巧去做题，本段主要出现并且重复的词汇是work time，只有B选项包含这个词，是正确答案。
（六）排除题
题眼：EXCEPT、LEAST
题型：小列举并列（单词、短语、短句），全文列举（最后做）
方法：先看选项、再看提干中的关键字、定位原文、找答案。
正确选项的特点：增加原文没有的内容，使得意思发生明显改变。
移花接木细节内容，即其他部分的细节放到该部分中。
1. S：This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
（G提出，关于选择异族结婚这种方式，可能是源于非洲西部关于管理婚姻的规定。这种婚姻虽然部落和部落之间有所不同，但是却都包含一个禁令，即不允许近亲结婚。）
Q：According to the passage, all of the following are true of the West African rules governing marriage mentioned in lines 25-28 EXCEPT
(A) the rules were derived from rules governing fictive kinship arrangement
(B) the rules forbade marriages between close kin
(C) the rules are mentioned in Herbert Gutman’s study
(D) the rules were not uniform in all respects from one West African tribe to another
(E) The rules have been considered to be a possible source of slaves’marriage preferences
Explain：我们看选项的时候，注意每个选项的关键词，读完后要留有印象。rules governing fictive kinship arrangement、forbade marriages between close kin、Herbert Gutman’s study、West African tribe to another、a possible source of slaves’ marriage preferences。通读这句话，文中说了prohibition against unions with close kin, Gutman suggests, from one tribal group to another, this preference for exogamy，而我们找不到fictive kinship，所以选A。
2. S：The appropriateness of such an approach may seem self-evident for a tradition commencing with spirituals and owing its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and evangelical fervor to Wesleyan hymnals.
(这样一种方法的适当性是不言而喻的，它是为了一个始于精神层面，并且归功于其从早期形式，韵律，词语和教会狂热到卫斯里赞美诗的传统。)
Q：All of the following aspects of Afro-American poetry are referred to in the passage as having been influenced by Wesleyan hymnals EXCEPT
(A) subject matter
(B) word choice
(C) rhythm
(D) structure
(E) tone
Explain：我们一个一个对应：word choice/ vocabulary, rhythm/ rhythm,
structure/ forms, tone声音、气氛、思想状态/ evangelical fervor狂热的热情，因此答案是A。
3. S：Being a scientist myself, I know that time travel is quite unlikely according to the laws of physics. For one thing, there would be a causality violation. If you could travel backward in time, you could alter a chain of events with the knowledge of how they would have turned out. Cause would no longer always precede effect. For example, you could prevent your parents from ever meeting. Contemplating the consequences of that will give you a headache, and science fiction writers for decades have delighted in the paradoxes that can arise from traveling through time. Physicists are, of course, horrified at the thought of causality violation. Differential equations for the way things should behave under a given set of forces and initial conditions would no longer be valid, since what happens in one instant would not necessarily determine what happens in the next. Physicists do rely on a deterministic universe in which to operate, and time travel would almost certainly put them and most other scientists permanently out of work.
Q：In discussing causality violations (lines16-35), the author addresses concerns about all of the following EXCEPT
(A) anticipatory knowledge of events
(B) the belief in a deterministic universe
(C) the mechanics of space travel
(D) cause-and-effect relationships
(E) differential equations based on known forces
Explain：正确选项C选项是明显的拼凑现象，文章谈到了Space Travel。或者说是整个文章都在谈这个问题。而其这个词汇大家都认识，因此是迷惑选项，有些同学会觉得自己读懂了这个词汇，即肯定在文章中出现过。而Space Travel的核心词是移花接木来的，是本文没有谈及到的内容，空间旅行的机理机制（the mechanics of space travel）。文章没有说空间旅行的是怎么通过科学的物理条件发生的。
摘自《新SAT标准教程：阅读分册》，人民大学出版社，2015年6月上市
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